[Искра]

Geology of Iraq / Геология Ирака


Год: 2006
Автор: Коллектив авторов
Жанр: Региональная геология
Издательство: Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum, Brno
ISBN: 80-7028-287-8
Язык: Английский
Формат: PDF
Качество: Отсканированные страницы
Количество страниц: 344

Описание: Полный обзор геологии Ирака, включающий в себя разделы по тектоническому строению, истории геологического развития, сейсмичности, стратиграфии, магматизму, метаморфизму, гидрогеологии, нефтяным системам, твердым полезным ископаемым.

PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of geological investigations in Iraq
1.2 Morphology
1.3 Surface geology
1.4 Outline of the book
1.5 Data used
CHAPTER 2
LATE PRECAMBRIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABIAN PLATE
2.1 Tectonostratigraphy of the Late Precambrian
2.2 Precambrian Terranes
2.2.1 Western Terranes
2.2.2 Eastern Terranes
2.3 The buried Precambrian basement in Iraq
2.4 Summary of Precambrian evolution
2.4.1 Oceanic accretion and subduction
2.4.2 Orogenesis
2.4.3 Extension
CHAPTER3
PH ANEROZOIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTHERN ARABIAN PLATE
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Late Precambrian-Carboniferous basin formation and inversion
3.2.1 Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian Rifting
3.2.2 Mid Cambrian-Silurian Intracratonic Subsidence
3.2.3 Latest Silurian-Early Late Devonian Uplift
3.2.4 Late Devonian-Early Late Carboniferous Intracratonic Subsidence
3.2.5 Late Carboniferous "Hercynian" Compression
3.3 Extension and passive subsidence associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean
3.3.1 Early -"Mid" Permian rifting
3.3.2 Late Permian-Early Triassic passive margin development
3.3.3 Mid Triassic-Norian rifting
3.3.4 Norian-Mid Toarcian passive subsidence
3.3.5 Late Toarcian-Early Tithonian Differential Subsidence and Rifting
3.3.6 Late Tithonian-Cenomanian opening of the Southern Neo-Tethys
3.4 Turonian-Eocene foreland basin formation and closure of the Neo-Tethys
3.4.1 Turonian-Early Campanian Closure of the Southern Neo-Tethys
3.4.2 Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Ophiolite Obduction
3.4.3 Late Maastrichtian-Danian
3.4.4. Palaeocene-Eocene closure of the Neo-Tethys
3.5 Oligocene-Recent compression and continental collision
CHAPTER 4
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK
4.1 Bouguer gravity field
4.2 Total magnetic field map Crustal thickness
4.3 Precambrian Basement Depth
4.4 Fault Systems
4.5.1 Nabitah (Idsas) Fault System
4.5.2 Najd Fault System
4.5.3 Transversal Fault System and transversal blocks
4.6 Basic structural units of Iraq and basis of zonation
4.7 Longitudinal Zones
CHAPTER 5
UNITS OF THE STABLE SHELF
5.1 Outline of major divisions
5.2 The Rutba-Jezira Zone
5.2.1 The Rutba Subzone
5.2.1.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics
5.2.1.2 Structures
5.2.2 The Jezira Subzone
5.2.2.1 Geological and geomarphological characteristics
5.2.2.2 Structures
5.3 Salman Zone
5.3.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics
5.3.2 Structures
5.4 Mesopotamian Zone
5.4.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics
5.4.2 Structures
5.4.3 Zubair Subzone
5.4.4 Tigris Subzone
5.4.5 Euphrates Subzone
CHAPTER 6
UNITS OF THE UNSTABLE SHELF AND THE ZAGROS SUTURE
6.1 Units of the Unstable Shelf
6.1.1 The Foothill Zone
6.1.1.1 Hetnrin-Makhul Subzone
6.1.1.2 Butmuh-Chemchemal Subzone
6.1.2 The High Folded Zone
6.1.3 The Imbricated Zones
6.1.3.1 The Balambo-Tunjero Zone
6.1.3.2 The Northern (Ora) Thrust Zone
6.2 Units of the Zagros Suture
6.2.1 Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone
6.2.2 Penjween-Walsh Zone
6.2.3 Shalair (Sanandaj-Sirjan) Zone
CHAPTER 7
SEISMICITY
7.1 Seismic monitoring in Iraq
7.2 Geodynamic considerations
7.3 The crust and Moho
7.4 Historical seismicity
7.5 Macro and microseismicity
7.5.1 Regional seismicity
7.5.2 Macroseismicity of Iraq
7.5.3 Microseismicity of Iraq
7.5.4 Focal mechanism studies
7.5.5 Induced seismicity investigations
7.6 Seismotectonics of Iraq
7.7 Seismic hazards
7.7.1. Seismic zoning
7.7.2 Seismicity index "ST"
7.7.3 Isoacceleration map
7.7.4 Probabilistic hazard assessment
7.7.5 Seismic wave attenuation
7.7.6 Strong motion seismology
7.8 Recommendations
CHAPTER 8
PALAEOZOIC MEGASEQUENCES (AP1-AP-5)
8.1 The Vendian-late Late Cambrian Megasequence API (Infracambrian Megasequence)
8.1.1 Palaeogeographic considerations and regional distribution
8.2 The late early Cambrian-early Ashgill Megasequence AP2 (Cambro-Ordovician Megasequence)
8.2.1 Late Early Cambrian-Late Cambrian Sequence
8.2.1.1 Salib Formation
K.2.1.2 Burj Limestone Formation
8.2.1.3 Ajram Formation
8.2.2 Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sequence
8.2.3 Mid-Late Ordovician Sequence
8.2.3.1 Khabour Formation
8.3 The late Ashgill-Frasnian Megasequence AP3
8.3.1 Late Ashgill "Saharan Glaciation" Sequence (445-443 Ma)
8.3.2 Silurian Sequence
8.3.2.1 Akkas Formation
8.3.3 Late Silurian (Pridoli)-early Late Devonian (Frasnian) Sequence
8.3.3.1 The "Caledonian" disturbance
833.2 Stratigraphy
8.4 The Frasnian-Numurian modified Megasequence AP4
8.4.1 Pirispiki Formation (including Chalki Volcanics)
8.4.2 Ora Formation (Famennian-L Tournasian)
8.4.3 Harur Formation
8.5 The Modified Westphalian-Ufimian (Syn-Hercynian) Megasequence AP5
8.5.1 Bir El Rah Formation
8.5.2 Ga'ara Formation (Early Permian-early Late Permian /Ufimian/)
CHAPTER 9
LATE PERMIAN-LIASSIC MEGASEQUENCE AP6
9.1 Late Permian-Mid Triassic Sequence
9.1.1 Chia Zairi Formation
9.1.2 Mirga Mir Formation
9.1.3 Beduh Formation
9.1.4 Geli Khana Formation
9.2 Late Triassic Sequence
9.2.1 Carbonate-clastic inner shelf
9.2.1.1 Mutussa Formation
9.2.1.2 Zor Hiiuran Formation
9.2.2 Carbonate-evaporile inner shelf and restricted lagoons
9.2.2.1 Surra Chine Formation
9.2.2.2 Baltiti Formation
9.3 Liassic Sequence
9.3.1 The Clastic-carbonate inner shelf
93.1.1 Ubuid Formation
9.3.1.2 Hussainiyat Formation
9.3.1.3 Amij Formation
9.3.2 Carbonate-evaporite inner shelf
9.3.2.1 Bultnah Formation
9.3.2.2 Adaiyah Formation
9.3.2.3 Mus Formation
9.3.2.4 Alan Formation
9.3.3 Restricted lagoons
9.3.1.1 Scirki Formation
9.3.3.2 Sehkaniyan Formation
CHAPTER 10
LATE TOARC1AN-EARLY TITHONIAN (MID-LATE JURASSIC) MEGASEQUENCE AP7
10.1 The Mid Jurassic (Late Toarcian-C'allovjan) Sequence
10.1.1 Inner shelf clastic-carbonate platform (Muhaiwir Formation
10.1.2 Restricted outer shelf and basinal (Sargelu Formation)
10.2 Late Jurassic Sequence
10.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf (Sajmah Formation)
10.2.2 Evaporite-carbonate lagoons and sabkha (Gotnia Formation)
10.2.2.1 Gotnia Formation
10.2.2.2 Saggar Formation
10.2.3 Euxink basin
10.2.3.1 Naokelekan Formation
10.2.3.2 Bantam Formation
CHAPTER 11
LATE TITHON1AN-EARLY TURONIAN MEGASEQUENCE APS
11.1 Upper Tithonian-Aptian Thamama Group
11.1.1. Late Tithonian-Hauterivian Sequence
11.I. Li Inner shelf and deep inner shelf fades
11. 1.1.2 Outer shelf and basinal
11.1.2 Barremian-Aptian Sequence
11.1.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf
11.1.2.2. Outer shelf and Basinal
11.2 Albian-Early Turonian Sequence (Wasi'a Group)
11.2.1 The Albian Sequence
11.2.1.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf {Nahr Umr Formation, including Rim Siltstone)
11.2.1.2 Carbonate ramp (Mauddud Formation, including U Qamchuqaf
11.2.1.3 Inner .shelf lagoons
11.2.2 The Cenomanian-Early Turonian Sequence
11.2.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf fades
11.2.2.2 Deep inner shelf fades (Rumaita Formation)
11.2.2.3 Rudist reefs (Mishrif Formation, including Gir Bir)
11.2.2.4 Evaporitic inner shelf lagoonal fades (Kifl Formation)
11.2.2.5 Restricted deep basin fades (Dokan and Gutneri formations)
11.2.2.6 Open marine fades {Upper Balumbo Formation)
CHAPTER 12
LATE TURONIAN-DANIAN MEGASEQUENCE AP9
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Late Turonian-Karlv Campanian Sequence
12.2.1 Deep inner shelf and lagoons
12.2.1.1 Khasib Formation
12.2.1.2 Taniima Formation
12.2.1.3 Sa'di Formation
12.2.2 Outer shelf and basinal (Kometan Formation)
12.3 Upper Campanian-Maastrichtian Sequence
12.3.1 Carbonate inner shelf (Hartha and Tayarat formations)
12.3.1.1 Hartha Formation
12.3.1.2 Tayarat Formation
12.3.2 Phosphatic inner and outer shelf (I)igma Formation)
12.3.3 Carbonate ramp (Bekhme and Aqra Formation)
12.3.4 Outer shelf-basinal (Shiranish Formation)
12.3.5 Isolated basin of the Balambo-Tanjeru 'Lone (Tanjero Formation)
12.3.6 Isolated basin of the Northern Thrust Zone (Hadiena Formation)
12.4 Danian sequence
12.4.1 Phosphatic outer shelf (Tarfawi Member of Akashat Formation)
CHAPTER 13
MIDDLE PALAEOCENE-EOCENE MEGASEQUENCE (AP10)
13.1 Mid Palaeocene-Early Eocene Sequence
13.1.1 Carbonate-Evaporite inner shelf
13.1.1.1 Umm Er Radhutna Formation
13.1.I.2 Rus(Jil) Formation
13.1.2 Phosphatic inner shelf
13.1.2.1 Akashat Formation (M-U Palaeocene part only)
13.1.2.2 Ratga Formation (Swab Member)
13.1.3 Outer shelf-basinal
13.1.3.1 Aaliji Formation
13.1.3.2 Koiosh Formation
13.1.4 Carbonate ramp (Sinjar Formation)
13.1.5 Carbonate inner shelf (Khurmala Formation)
13.2 Mid-Late Eocene Sequence
13.2.1 Carbonate inner shelf lagoons and shoals
13.2. 1.1 Dammum Formation
13.2.1.2 Avanah Formation
13.2.1.3 Pila Spi Formation
13.2.2 Phosphatic deep inner shelf-inner shelf (Damlouk and Mugur members of Ratga Formation)
13.2.3 Outer shelf-basinal (Jaddala Formation)
13.2.4 Fluvial and fluviomarine (Gercus Formation)
CHAPTER 14
LATEST EOCENE-RECENT MEGASEQUENCE AP 11
14.1 Latest Eocene-Oligocene Sequence
14.1.1 Lower Sequence
14.1.1.1 Basinal (Palani and Tarjil formations)
14.1.1.2 Reef-backreef and forereef
14.1.2 Upper Sequencе
14.1.2.1 Basinal (Ibrahim Formation)
14.1.2.2 Reef, backreef and forereef
14.2 Early-Mid Miocene Sequence
14.2.1 Early Miocene Sequence
14.2.1.1 Clastic inner shelf (Ghar Formation)
14.2.1.2 Carbonate inner shelf (Euphrates Formation)
14.2.1.3 Basinal (Serikagni Formation)
14.2.1.4 Evaporite lagoons (Dhiban Formation)
14.2.2 Middle Miocene Sequence
14.2.2.1 Carbonate inner shelf and shaoh (Jeribe Fonnation)
14.2.2.2 Evaporite lagoons IFatha /Lower Ears/ Formation)
14.3 Late Miocene-Pliocene Sequence
14.3.1 Fluvio-lacustrine and karst fill fades (Zahra Formation)
14.3.2 Alluvial Fans of the Stable Shelf (Dibdibba Formation)
14.3.3 Fluvial system
14.3.3.1 Injana (Upper Fars Fonnation)
14.3.3.2 Mukdadiva and Bai Hassan (Lower and Upper Bakhtiari) formations
CHAPTER 15
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS
15.1. Quaternary sediments of the Rutba-Jezira and Salman zones
15.2 Quaternary sediments of the Mesopotamian Zone Plio-Pleistocene (Mahmudiya Formation)
15.2.2.1 River terraces
15.2.2.2 Alluvial fans
15.2.3 Holocene
15,2.3.1 Sedimentary environments
15.2.3.2 Fauna
15.2.3.3 Paleogeograpfnc history of the Mesopotamia Plain
15.3 Quaternary sediments of the Foothill and High Folded zones
15.3.1. Polygenetic synclinal fill and depression fill of the Unstable Shelf
CHAPTER 15
TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ZAGROS SUTURE
16.1 Tectonostratigraphy of the Red Beds Basin
16.1.1. Red Beds Series
16.1.1.1 Marine and continentalforedeep (Suwciis Red Beds Group}
16.1.1.2 Marine-continental marginal basin (Gavanda Limestone)
16.1.1.3 Intermontane molasse basin (Merga Red Beds Group)
16.2 Tectonostratigraphy of the Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone
16.2.1 Biyarah Limestone
16.2.2 Avroman Limestone
16.2.3 Jurassic imbricates
16.2.4 Qulqula Group
16.2.4.1 Shallow water carbonate sequence fTitlwnian-Berriasian)
16.2.4.2 Carbonate-chert sequence (Valanginian-Lower Aptian)
16.2.4.3 Offshore Southern Neo-Tethys radiohirian chert lAptian-Albian)
16.2.4.4 Qulqula Conglomerate Formation (Cenamanuin-Lmxer Senonian?)
16.2.5 Chert, volcanic and ultramafic rocks of the Southern Neo-Tethys (Khwakurk Series)
16.3 Tectonostratigraphy of the Central Neo-Tethys Penjween-Walash Zone
16.3.1 Pre-Tertiary Qandil Metamorphic Series
16.3.1.1 Ma wut Volcanic Group
16.3.1.2 Gimo Calcareous Group
16.3.1.3 Sirginil Phyllile Group
16.3.2 Non metamorphosed Tertiary volcanosedimentary units
16.3.2.1 Walasht Volcanic) Group
16.3.2.2 Naopurdan (shah) Group
16.4 Tectonostratigraphy of the Shalair Zone
16.4.1 Mishav Complex
16.4.2 Darokhan Limestone
16.4.3 Shalair Group
16.4.4 Central volcanic arc (Katar Rash Group)
16.4.5 Carbonate shelf of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Piran Limestone)
CHAPTER 17
MAGMATISM AND METAMORPH1SM IN THE ZAGROS SUTURE
17.1 Magmatism
17.1.1 Magmatism of the Southern Neo-Tethys (Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone)
17.1.2 Cretaceous Magmatism of the Central Neo-Tethys (Penjween-Walash Zone)
17.1.2.1 Penjween ophiolites
17.1.2.2 Mawat
17.1.2.3 Butfat
17.1.2.4 Pushtashan
17.1.3 Tertiary volcanic arc of the Neo-Tethys (Penjween-Walash Zone)
17.1.4 Upper Cretaceous volcanic arc of the Shalair Zone <Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone)
17.1.5 Origin of the Iraqi Ophiolites
17.2 Metamorphism of the Zagros Suture units
17.2.1 Serpentinite imbricates
17.2.2 Regional metamorphism
17.2.2.1 Metamorphism of the Shalair and Katar Rash groups
17.2.2.2 Metamorphism of the Gimo Group
17.2.2.3 Metamorphism of the Mawat Group
17.2.2.4 Metamorphism of the Butfat area (Gimo and Sirginil groups)
17.2.3 Contact Metamorphism
17.2.3.1 Contact metamorphism ofpelitic rocks ofBulfat
17.2.3.2 Contact metamorphism of calcareous ami basic rocks of Bulftii
17.2.4 The development of the metamorphism of the Zagros Suture
17.2.5 History of metamorphic events
CHAPTER 18
HYDROCARBONS
Introduction
18.1 Oil and gas reserves
18.2 Oil Production
18.3 Oil Production System
18.4 Oil Pipelines and Export Facilities
18.5 Gas processing and Transportation
18.6 Petroleum Systems
18.7.1 Introduction
18.7.1.1 Thermal gradient and heat flow
18.7.1.2 Maturity of organic matter
18.7.2 Hydrocarbon seepages
18.7.3 Paleozoic petroleum system
18.7.3.1 Source rocks
18.7.3.2 Ordovician
18.7.3.3 Silurian
18.7.3.4 Lower Carboniferous
18.7.3.5 Upper Permian
18.7.3.6 Reservoirs and seals
18.7.4 Triassic petroleum system
18.7.4.1 Source rocks
18.7.4.2 Reservoirs and seats
18.7.5 Jurassic petroleum system
18.7.5.1 Source rocks
18.7.5.2 Reservoirs and seals
18.7.6 Cretaceous petroleum system
18.7.6.1 Source rocks
18.7.6.2 Reservoirs and seals
18.7.7 Tertiary system
18.7.7.1 Source rocks
18.7.7.2 Reservoirs and seals
18.7.8 Hydrocarbon budget and exploration potential
CHAPTER 19
HYDROGEOLOGY
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Available data, methodology of treatment of hydrogeological data
19.3 Natural conditions influencing hydrogeological conditions
19.3.1 Geological conditions
19.3.2 Climatic conditions
19.3.3 Morphological and hypsometric conditions
19.3.4 Hydrography
19.4 General features of hydrogeological conditions in Iraq
19.4.1 Main aquifers
19.4.2 Regional ground ater flow and level
19.4.3 Chemical composition and salinity
19.5 Hydrogeological provinces of Iraq
19.5.1 Aquifer System of the Western and Southern Deserts
19.5.1.1 Fractured Cretaceous-Tertiary limestone of the Rutbah, Digma, Tayarat Akashat and Ratga formations (Aquifer Group I)
19.5.1.2 Sandstones ofPermocarbonifemus Ga'ara and Bir El-Rah formations (Ga'ara Aquifer, Group 2)
19.5.1.3 Fractured limestones and sandstones of Triassic-Cretaceous age (Aquifer Group 3)
19.5.1.4 Limestone of the Euphrates Formation (Aquifer Group 4)
19.5.1.5 Karstified and fractured limestones of Palaeocene-Eocene of the Southern Desert (Aquifer Group 5
19.5.1.6 Miocene sandstones and Pleistocene conglomerate of the Nukhaib Graben (Aquifer Group 6
19.5.1.7 Sandstones of Miocene-Pliocene Dibdibba Formation (Aquifer Group 7)
19.5.1.8 Alluvial fan ofWadiAi-Batin iAquifer Group 8)
19.5.2 Jezira Hydrogeological Region (Aquifer Group 9)
19.5.3 Aquifer System of the Mesopotamia/I Plain (Mesopotamian Aquifer System-Aquifer Group 10
19.5.3.1 Extension and general features
19.5.3.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies
19.5.3.3 Transmissivity and permeability of the deposits and conclusions
19.5.3.4 Gnmndwater flow
19.5.3.5 Groundwater quality
19.5.3.6 Present-day groundwater use and possibilities of future groundwater supply
19.5.4 Aquifer systems of alluvial fans (Mandali-Badra-Tib region)
19.5.4.1 Extension of the system and its general features
19.5.4.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies, transmissivity and permeability of rocks
19.5.4.3 Groundwater flow (extension, depth, recharge, throuqhflow, discharge)
19.5.4.4 Groundwater quality
19.5.4.5 Groundwater use
19.5.5 Aquifer system of the Foothill zone (Foothill Aquifer System)
19.5.5.1 Extension and genera! features
19.5.5.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydro-geological bodies, transmissivity and permeability of rocks
19.5.5.3 Groundwater flow (recharge, tkroughflow. extension, depth, discharge) of the subsystems of the Foothill Zone
19.5.5.4 Groundwater quality
19.5.5.5 Present-day groundwater use. possibilities of future groundwater supply
19.5.6 Taurus-Zagros Groundwater Province
19.5.6.1 Extent and general features
19.5.6.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies, transmissivity and permeability of rocks
19.5.6.3 Groundwater flow (extension, depth, recharge, throughflow. discharge)
19.5.6.4 Groundwater quality
19.5.6.5 Present-day water use, possibilities of future groundwater supply
19.6 Estimation of groundwater resources
19.6.1 Explotational Resources and Groundwater Use
19.7 Environmnetal issues
СHAPTER 20
METALLIC AND INDUSTRIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS (Khaldoun S. Al-Bassam and Jaroslav Hak
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Minerogenic zonation
203 Metallic Mineral deposits
20.3.1 The principal minerogenic features of the Zagros-Taurus sutures
20.3.2 Mineralization of the Northern Thrust Zone
20.3.2.1 Serguza lead-zinc deposit and its origin
20.3.3 Mineralisations of the Zagros Suture
20.3.3.1 The Marapasta base metal deposit and its origin
20.3.3.2 Comments on the ore genesis
20.4 Non-metallic mineral and industrial rocks
20.4.1 Non-metallic minerogenic stratigraphy
20.4.2 Deposits
20.4.2.1 Kaolinitic claystone
20.4.2.2 MontmoriUonite and Palygorskite
20.4.2.3 Bentonite
20.4.2.4 Phosphorite
20.4.2.5 Porcelanites
20.4.2.6 Native Sulphur
20.4.2.7 Gypsum
20.4.2.8 Halite
20.4.2.9 Thenardite and Glauberite
20.4.2.10 Barite
20.4.2.11 Celestite
20.4.2.12 Ironstone
20.4.2.13 Karsi Bauxite
20.4.2.14 Quartz sand
20.4.2.15 Heavy mineral bearing sandstone
20.4.2.16 Feidspathic sands
20.4.2.17 Limestone
20.4.2.18 Dolomite
20.4.2.19 Marble
20.4.2.20 Industrial igneous rocks
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
UTHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIS INDEX